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????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? The Status of Arabic Language, the Cultural Situation, and the Emergence of Arabic Literature in the State of Chad. El-Jaudah: J. Pendidik. Bhs. dan Sastra Arab 2023, 4 (2), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.56874/ej.v4i2.1429.