“????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? The Status of Arabic Language, the Cultural Situation, and the Emergence of Arabic Literature in the State of Chad”, El-Jaudah: J. Pendidik. Bhs. dan Sastra Arab, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 25–39, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.56874/ej.v4i2.1429.