Ibrahim Kamsouloum Mahamat. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? The Status of Arabic Language, the Cultural Situation, and the Emergence of Arabic Literature in the State of Chad. El-Jaudah: J. Pendidik. Bhs. dan Sastra Arab [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 21 [cited 2025 Aug. 17];4(2):25-39. Available from: https://jurnal.stain-madina.ac.id/index.php/ej/article/view/1429