Qowima, Muhammad Roihan, et al. “From Permissibility to Proportionality: Reconstructing the Legitimacy and Limits of Capital Punishment in Contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence”. Uqubah: Journal of Islamic Criminal Law, vol. 1, no. 1, Sept. 2026, pp. 52-70, https://jurnal.stain-madina.ac.id/index.php/uqubah/article/view/3349.