DARI AL-KHALIL HINGGA KAMUS DIGITAL: PERKEMBANGAN KONSEP DAN METODE LEKSIKOGRAFI ARAB DALAM PERSPEKTIF LITERATUR

Abstract

Arabic lexicography is one of the oldest and most developed lexicographic traditions in the history of language studies. Its development reflects changes not only in the form and medium of dictionaries, but also in how lemmas are collected, organized, defined, and accessed by users. This study aims to analyze the development of the concepts and methods of Arabic lexicography, from the classical tradition represented by Kitāb al-‘Ayn by al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī to digital dictionaries and computational lexicography. The study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach with thematic analysis of 20 relevant scholarly publications on Arabic lexicography, covering classical dictionaries, root-based and alphabetical systems, modern lexicography, electronic dictionaries, digital dictionaries, and computational developments. The literature was selected based on relevance to the research focus, bibliographic traceability, and contribution to understanding the change of lexicographic methods. The findings show that the development of Arabic lexicography occurred through a gradual transformation from phonetic and root-based systems in the classical period toward alphabetical and user-oriented systems in the modern period, and further developed into electronic dictionaries and digital lexical resources. Kitāb al-‘Ayn shows a strong concern for phonetic structure and the possible combinations of roots, while subsequent works developed organizational systems based on roots, rhyme, and the alphabet. Modern lexicography increasingly emphasizes ease of search, grammatical information, contemporary meaning, and user needs. In the digital era, changes no longer concern only the medium, but also data structure, morphological search, corpus integration, and natural language processing. The synthesis of the literature indicates that the future of Arabic lexicography tends to move toward dynamic lexical resources that integrate morphology, semantics, corpora, NLP, and artificial intelligence, while still requiring linguistic validation and continuity with the classical lexicographic heritage