Reconceptualizing Islamic criminal policy for QRIS payment fraud: Toward an adaptive framework for contemporary digital financial crime
Keywords:
Islamic criminal law, QRIS, digital payment fraud, criminal policyAbstract
The rapid expansion of digital payment systems has generated new forms of financial fraud, including Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) payment manipulation, which threatens property rights, transaction security, and public trust in digital financial systems. This study examines criminal liability for QRIS payment fraud under Indonesian positive law and Islamic criminal law and develops an adaptive framework for Islamic criminal policy. Employing normative legal research, the study uses statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze legislation, regulatory instruments, Islamic legal sources, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that QRIS payment manipulation constitutes a jarīmah ta’zīr because it entails deception, unlawful appropriation of property, and harm to the public interest. Accordingly, its criminalization and sanctioning may be determined through the discretionary authority of the ulī al-amr in accordance with maslahah and maqāsid al-sharī’ah. The study further finds that Indonesian positive law and Islamic criminal law can operate complementarily in addressing digital payment fraud. On this basis, it proposes an adaptive ta’zir framework integrating preventive protection, proportional punishment, restorative recovery, and adaptive governance. The framework extends ta’zīr beyond the classification of offences by positioning it as a normative basis for adaptive Islamic criminal policy in responding to emerging forms of contemporary digital financial crime.
Downloads
References
Ahyani, Hisam, Parhan Parhan, Muhtolib Muhtolib, Ahmad Berizi, Nurhasana Nurhasana, and Nurul Ilyana Muhd Adnan. “Fraud in the Digital Space: A Comparative Study of Jinayah Fiqh and Indonesian Criminal Law.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 23, no. 1 (2025): 37–72. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v23i1.02.
Alias, Muhammad Nazir, Muhammad Najib Abdullah, Mohd Farihal Osman, Nor Faizah Ismail, and Mohd Sham Kamis. “The Position of Maqasid Al-Shariah within Islamic Legal Sources: A Comprehensive Analysis.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2025): 937–64. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v9i2.26659.
Alpaullivarez, Angelique Aurielle, and Ahmad Nurul Fajar. “Exploring Factors Influencing User Avoidance Behavior Toward QR-Based Payment Scams.” Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 12, no. 2 (2026): 458–73. https://doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.12.2.458-473.
Alsuhibany, Suliman A. “Innovative QR Code System for Tamper-Proof Generation and Fraud-Resistant Verification.” Sensors 25, no. 13 (2025): 3855. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133855.
Ariyanto, Faghlaifi Naim, and Adnan Qubbaja. “Penerapan Asas Konsensualisme Dalam E-Payment Berbasis QRIS.” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 32, no. 1 (2025): 149–75. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol32.iss1.art7.
Aulia, Putra, Maulana Muklis, and Rosdewi Pulungan. “Perbandingan Perspektif Hukum Pencegahan Kejahatan Dunia Maya Dalam Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Pidana Islam.” Jurnal El-Thawalib 6, no. 2 (2025): 172–86. https://doi.org/10.24952/el-thawalib.v6i2.14928.
Azizah, Imroatul, Mabarroh Azizah, Saiful Bakhri, Suqiyah Musafa’ah, Amang Fathurrohman, and Shofa Robbani. “Reconstructing Islamic Criminal Liability for Economic Crimes: A Maqasid-Based Framework for Indonesia’s Sharia Finance.” El-Mashlahah 16, no. 1 (2026): 41–64. https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mashlahah.v16i1.11254.
Azizah, Imroatul, Lisa Aminatul Mukaromah, Khurul Anam, Sanuri, and Nafi’ Mubarok. “Digitalization and Cyberfeminism: Reinterpreting Islamic Criminal Law for Gender Equality and Women’s Rights.” Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi 9, no. 1 (2026): 127–43. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v9i1.15378.
Bank Indonesia. “Peraturan Anggota Dewan Gubernur Nomor 3 Tahun 2025 Tanggal 19 Februari 2025 Tentang Perubahan Ketiga Atas Peraturan Anggota Dewan Gubernur Nomor 21/18/PADG/2019 Tentang Implementasi Standar Nasional Quick Response Code Untuk PembayarAn,” 2025.
BBC News Indonesia. “QRIS ‘palsu’ Di 38 Masjid, Bagaimana Memastikan Transaksi Aman?” BBC News Indonesia, April 13, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/clw15qp47x5o.
Bulya, Bulya, and Suci Izzati. “Indonesia’s Digital Literacy as a Challenge for Democracy in the Digital Age.” The Journal of Society and Media 8, no. 2 (2024): 640–61. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v8n2.p640-661.
Bunyamin, Bunyamin, Firdaus Arifin, Ihsanul Maarif, Robi Assadul Bahri, and Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah. “Reforming Indonesia’s Correctional System: The Role of Maqāṣid Al-Syarīʿah in Ensuring Justice and Rehabilitation.” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah 17, no. 1 (2025): 52–71. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v17i1.29258.
Cipta, Hendra. “Jual Beli Yang Diridhoi Dalam Perspektif Surat An-Nisa’ (4) Ayat 29.” Asy Syar’iyyah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Perbankan Islam 3, no. 2 (2018): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.32923/asy.v3i2.1155.
Djalaluddin, Muhammad Mawardi, Bulqia Mas’ud, Dedy Sumardi, Isnawardatul Bararah, and Kamus Kamus. “The Implementation of Ta’zīr Punishment as an Educational Reinforcement in Islamic Law.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 1 (2023): 399–417. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i1.15101.
Efendi, Reza. “Kasus Pemalsuan QRIS Rp2,5 Miliar Di Medan Bikin Heboh, Tersangka Ternyata Masih Bebas.” Liputan6.com, May 10, 2026. https://berita.liputan6.com/regional/read/6407100/kasus-pemalsuan-qris-rp25-miliar-di-medan-bikin-heboh-tersangka-ternyata-masih-bebas.
Gunawan, Ali, Alifia Farrah Fatikasari, and Selva Aisah Putri. “The Effect of Using Cashless (QRIS) on Daily Payment Transactions Using the Technology Acceptance Model.” Procedia Computer Science 227 (2023): 548–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.557.
Hadits Tazkia. “Bab Perkataan Nabi Shallallahu ’alaihi Wa Sallam ‘Barangsiapa Menipu Kami Maka Bukan Dari Golongan Kami.’” Hadits Tazkia, 2020. https://hadits.tazkia.ac.id/hadits/bab/2:47.
Hamka, Nur Muhamad, Sylpi Nopiya, Tantri Pebyani, Suci Fitriani, Viny Limbong, and Yulianah Yulianah. “Analysis of QRIS Misuse Mode as a Means of Personal Data Theft and Account Takeover in Bandung City, Indonesia.” Advances in Community Services Research 4, no. 2 (2026): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.60079/acsr.v4i2.878.
Hamzah, Andi. Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Edited by Tarmizi. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2017.
Haryono, Erwin. “BI Terus Edukasi Masyarakat Dan Pedagang/Merchant Agar Terhindar Dari Upaya Penyalahgunaan QRIS.” Bank Indonesia, April 11, 2023. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/ruang-media/news-release/Pages/sp_259323.aspx.
Hassani, Yuga. “Pedagang Di Sekitar Kampus Tel-U Jadi Korban Penipuan QRIS Palsu.” detikJabar, October 13, 2025. https://www.detik.com/jabar/hukum-dan-kriminal/d-8158252/pedagang-di-sekitar-kampus-tel-u-jadi-korban-penipuan-qris-palsu.
Herryani, Mas Rara Tri Retno. “Enhancing Legal Protection for Digital Transactions: Addressing Fraudulent QRIS System in Indonesia.” Rechtsidee 11, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v12i1.990.
Hutchinson, Terry. “The Doctrinal Method: Incorporating Interdisciplinary Methods in Reforming the Law.” Erasmus Law Review 8, no. 3 (2015): 130–38. https://doi.org/10.5553/ELR.000055.
Kilay, Alfonz Lawrenz, Bachtiar H. Simamora, and Danang Pinardi Putra. “The Influence of E-Payment and E-Commerce Services on Supply Chain Performance: Implications of Open Innovation and Solutions for the Digitalization of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia.” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 3 (2022): 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030119.
Klasén, Lena, Niclas Fock, and Robert Forchheimer. “The Invisible Evidence: Digital Forensics as Key to Solving Crimes in the Digital Age.” Forensic Science International 362 (2024): 112133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112133.
Komdigi RI. “Waspada Modus Kejahatan Lewat QRIS.” Direktorat Jenderal Ekosistem Digital, December 30, 2025. https://djed.komdigi.go.id/news/waspada-modus-kejahatan-lewat-qris.
Laxman, Vishnu, Nithyashree Ramesh, Senthil Kumar Jaya Prakash, and Ravi Aluvala. “Emerging Threats in Digital Payment and Financial Crime: A Bibliometric Review.” Journal of Digital Economy 3 (2024): 205–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2025.04.002.
Madarie, Renushka, Marleen Weulen Kranenbarg, and Christianne de Poot. “Cybersecurity Expert Perspectives on Data Thieves’ Actions in Digital Environments: Potential Refinements for Routine Activity Theory.” Deviant Behavior 47, no. 3 (2026): 544–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2025.2453440.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum Edisi Revisi. Cet. 13. Jakarta: Kencana, 2017.
Misran, Misran. “Criteria of Offenses as Part of Ta’zir Penalty [Kriteria Tindak Pidana Yang Diancam Hukuman Ta‘Zir].” Legitimasi: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Politik Hukum 10, no. 1 (2021): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.22373/legitimasi.v10i1.10515.
Muchtar, Evan Hamzah, Budi Trianto, Irwan Maulana, Muhammad Nurul Alim, Ruslan Husen Marasabessy, Wahyu Hidayat, Edy Junaedi, and Masrizal. “Quick Response Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS) E-Payment Adoption: Customers Perspective.” Cogent Business & Management 11, no. 1 (2024): 2316044. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2316044.
Mulyadi, Yashirli. “Modus Bayar Pakai QRIS Palsu, Seorang Pria Di Solok Rugikan Toko Hingga Rp 43 Juta.” infosumbar.net, May 2, 2026. https://infosumbar.net/berita/berita-sumbar/solok-raya/modus-bayar-pakai-qris-palsu-seorang-pria-di-solok-rugikan-toko-hingga-rp-43-juta.
Muttaqin, Sayyid. “A Fiqh Muamalah Analysis Of Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) In QRIS Transactions and Its Implications For Economic Justice.” International Journal of Management and Business Economics 4, no. 3 (2026): 515–23. https://doi.org/10.58540/ijmebe.v4i3.1624.
Nizami, Auliya Ghazna, Andini Rahma Hidayah, and Hidayatulloh. “Inappropriate Behavior in Buying and Selling Usernames on Twitter: An Islamic Law Perspective.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 21, no. 2 (2023): 309–34. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi_v21i2_04.
Njuguna, David, and John Ndia. “Quick Response Code Security Attacks and Countermeasures: A Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Cyber Security 7, no. 1 (2025): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.32604/jcs.2025.059398.
Nur, Muhammad Tahmid. “Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: Study of the Concept and Meaning of Justice in The Law of Qiṣāṣ.” Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 55, no. 2 (2021): 335–65. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v55i2.1011.
OJK Indonesia. “Modus Layanan Keuangan Ilegal Masih Mengintai.” X (Twitter), June 25, 2026. https://x.com/ojkindonesia/status/2070046016242606347.
Oprspitpoldariau. “Polres Kuansing Ungkap Penipuan Digital Bermodus QRIS.” Humas Polri, February 18, 2026. https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2288681-polres-kuansing-ungkap-penipuan-digital-bermodus-qris.
Placani, Adriana. “Prescriptive Rules in Legal Theory.” Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 8, no. 2 (2023): 5–16. https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.6827.
Ramdhani, Fajri Zulia, and A Hashfi Lutfi. “Sharia Norms and Digital Economy Practices: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Consumer Protection and E-Payment Regulation.” Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 59, no. 2 (2026): 191–213. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v59i2.1594.
Republik Indonesia. “Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana,” 2023.
———. “Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 Tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik,” 2024.
———. “Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi,” 2022.
Romagna, Marco, and Rutger Erik Leukfeldt. “Social Opportunity Structures in Hacktivism: Exploring Online and Offline Social Ties and the Role of Offender Convergence Settings in Hacktivist Networks.” Victims & Offenders, 2024, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2372054.
Ropei, Ahmad. “The Resolution of Criminal Cases Through a Restorative Justice Approach in Islamic Law Perspective.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 18, no. 2 (2020): 293–312. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v18i2.2936.
Sarkar, Gargi, and Sandeep K. Shukla. “Behavioral Analysis of Cybercrime: Paving the Way for Effective Policing Strategies.” Journal of Economic Criminology 2 (2023): 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100034.
Surya, Reni. “Klasifikasi Tindak Pidana Hudud Dan Sanksinya Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 2, no. 2 (2019): 530–47. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v2i2.4751.
Telukdarie, Arnesh, and Aviksha Mungar. “The Impact of Digital Financial Technology on Accelerating Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies.” Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023): 670–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.263.
Yalda, Rouwa, Arshad Khan, and Narayan Nepal. “B-PhishQR—A Blockchain-Based Framework for Secure QR Code Verification against Phishing Attacks.” Telematics and Informatics Reports 21 (2026): 100289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2025.100289.
Yonathan, Agnes Z. “Nilai Transaksi QRIS Tembus Rp128 Triliun Q3 2025.” GoodStats Data, December 12, 2025. https://goodstats.id/article/nilai-transaksi-qris-tembus-rp128-triliun-q3-2025-vPpbG.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Guntur, Bahjatun Mahmudah, Denmas Azkal Basyari Arsyad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
